50 Best Psychology Jobs by Degree Level 2025
Psychology degrees lead to 50+ diverse careers across mental health, business, education, and research. Entry-level positions start around $30,000-$50,000 with an associate degree, while specialized roles like clinical psychologist (requiring doctoral degrees) average $96,000. The highest earners in psychology-adjacent fields like I/O psychology and psychiatry can exceed $140,000-$227,000 with extensive experience, specialization, or private practice.
Psychology consistently ranks among the top three undergraduate majors, and for good reason. The field opens doors to diverse, meaningful careers across clinical practice, business, education, sports, and beyond. Whether you're just starting with an associate degree or pursuing doctoral studies, psychology careers offer rewarding pathways that match your interests and career goals.
But the question remains: what job can you get with a psychology degree? The answer depends on your education level, interests, and career aspirations. Some professions welcome entry-level candidates with associate or bachelor's degrees, while clinical practice typically requires advanced graduate training and state licensure.
The field of psychology offers diverse career opportunities across clinical practice, research, business, and specialized settings. Visit our homepage to explore degree programs and additional career resources.
Table of Contents
Psychology Career Paths by Degree Level
Psychology is one of the most versatile fields you can study, requiring expertise in sociology, behavioral research, medical science, and even legal principles. Independent clinical practice as a licensed psychologist typically requires a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD), state licensure, and supervised clinical hours. However, many fulfilling psychology-related careers are accessible with bachelor's or master's degrees, particularly in counseling, social work, business, and education settings.
Important note: Licensure requirements vary significantly by state and by role. Master's-level professionals can become licensed mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, or clinical social workers in most states, but with more limited independent practice scope compared to doctoral-level psychologists. Always check your state's licensing board for specific requirements in your desired specialty.
Your education level determines your career options and earning potential. Here's what you can pursue at each level:
| Degree Level | Time to Complete | Entry to Mid-Career Salary Range* | Common Career Paths |
|---|---|---|---|
| Associate (AA/AS) | 2 years | $30,000 - $52,000 | Behavioral health technician, nursing assistant, youth counselor |
| Bachelor's (BA/BS) | 4 years | $40,000 - $80,000 (psychology roles) Up to $136,000+ (business/management roles) |
Case manager, HR specialist, school counselor, research assistant |
| Master's (MA/MS/MSW) | 2-3 years post-bachelor's (6-7 years total from high school) |
$50,000 - $90,000 (clinical roles) Up to $139,000+ (specialized/business roles) |
Licensed mental health counselor, behavioral analyst, licensed therapist |
| Doctoral (PhD/PsyD) | 4-7 years post-bachelor's (8-12 years total from high school) Plus 1-2 years supervised practice |
$80,000 - $120,000 (most psychologist roles) Up to $227,000+ (psychiatry, senior positions, private practice) |
Clinical psychologist, research psychologist, I/O psychologist, professor |
*Salary ranges reflect typical entry to mid-career earnings. Higher salaries often require specialization, many years of experience, geographic location advantages, or private practice. Psychology-adjacent roles in business and management may have different salary trajectories.
Understanding Degree Requirements for Psychology Practice
| If You Want To... | Minimum Degree Required | Additional Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Work in entry-level mental health support | Associate degree | Supervision by licensed professionals; may need certification (e.g., CNA, behavioral health tech certification) |
| Work in HR, business, education, or research | Bachelor's degree | None for entry-level; specialized roles may prefer master's or business credentials |
| Practice as a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) | Master's degree in counseling or related field | 2,000-4,000 supervised clinical hours (varies by state); pass state licensing exam; ongoing continuing education |
| Practice as a marriage & family therapist (LMFT) | Master's in MFT or related field | 2,000-4,000 supervised clinical hours; pass national MFT exam; state licensure; continuing education |
| Practice as a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) | Master of Social Work (MSW) with clinical training | 3,000+ supervised clinical hours in most states; pass clinical social work exam; state licensure |
| Practice as an independent clinical psychologist | Doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) | 1,500-6,000 supervised hours (varies by state); 1-2 year postdoctoral fellowship; pass EPPP exam; state licensure; continuing education |
| Prescribe psychiatric medications | Medical degree (MD/DO) with psychiatry residency OR Doctorate in Nursing (DNP) as PMHNP | Medical or nursing board certification; DEA license; state medical/nursing license |
Important: Licensure requirements vary significantly by state. Always verify current requirements with your state's licensing board before beginning an educational program.
Select your highest level of education to explore career options:
Associate Degree | Bachelor's Degree | Master's Degree | Doctoral Degree
Best Jobs with an Associate Degree in Psychology
An associate degree in psychology provides an excellent foundation for entry-level positions in mental health, healthcare, and social services. While most psychology careers require at least a bachelor's degree, you can gain valuable hands-on experience with an Associate of Arts (AA) or Associate of Science (AS) while deciding your long-term career path.
Important consideration: Many of the positions listed below accept associate degrees as minimum qualifications, but employers often prefer candidates with bachelor's degrees or higher, particularly for advancement opportunities. Additionally, some roles may require supplementary certifications or training beyond the associate degree. These positions often serve as stepping stones to higher education and more advanced roles.
Here are ten careers you can pursue with an associate degree in psychology:
1. Behavioral Health Technician
Behavioral health technicians support licensed psychologists and counselors in treating patients with mental and emotional disorders. You'll work as part of a treatment team, helping implement care plans, monitoring patient progress, and providing direct support during therapy sessions or group activities.
Median annual salary: $41,810
2. Pharmacy Technician
While pharmacists require extensive education, you can begin your career as a pharmacy technician with an associate degree. Your psychology background helps you understand patient needs and medication effects on mental health. You'll prepare medications under pharmacist supervision, maintain prescription records, and assist with patient consultations.
Median annual salary: $40,300
3. Community/Home Health Aide
Home health and personal care aides assist patients with chronic illnesses, disabilities, or cognitive conditions. Your psychology training gives you deeper insight into patient behavior and emotional needs. You might work in private homes, assisted living facilities, or group residential settings, helping with daily living tasks and providing companionship.
Median annual salary: $33,530
4. Office Manager
Psychology graduates excel in office management roles because they understand human behavior, motivation, and interpersonal dynamics. You'll coordinate administrative functions, manage staff, handle communication, and ensure smooth daily operations. Your psychology background helps you navigate workplace personalities and resolve conflicts effectively.
Median annual salary: $42,800
5. Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)
CNAs work in hospitals, nursing homes, and residential care facilities, providing essential patient care. Your psychology education enhances your ability to understand patient emotions, communicate effectively, and recognize behavioral changes that might indicate health concerns. You'll assist with bathing, meals, vital signs monitoring, and daily living activities.
Median annual salary: $38,200
6. Correctional Officer
A psychology degree provides valuable insight when working with incarcerated individuals in emotionally challenging environments. You'll supervise inmates, maintain facility security, coordinate rehabilitation programs, and assess mental health needs. Your training helps you understand inmate behavior, de-escalate conflicts, and recommend appropriate interventions.
Median annual salary: $52,970
7. Teacher's Assistant
Teacher's assistants support classroom instructors while gaining valuable experience working with students. Your psychology background helps you understand child development, learning styles, and behavioral management. You'll assist with lesson preparation, supervise students during activities, provide one-on-one academic support, and help maintain classroom order.
Median annual salary: $31,760
8. Research Assistant
Entry-level research assistant positions in the social sciences offer hands-on experience before pursuing advanced degrees. You'll support research projects by conducting literature reviews, recruiting participants, collecting data, managing databases, and assisting with statistical analysis. This role provides excellent preparation for graduate study.
Median annual salary: $51,740
9. Family Advocate
Family advocates support families facing challenging circumstances like substance abuse, mental illness, or domestic issues. With an associate degree, you'll typically handle administrative tasks like client intake, conducting initial interviews, coordinating resources, and maintaining case documentation. This provides valuable social work experience before pursuing a bachelor's degree.
Median annual salary: $50,820
10. Youth Counselor
Youth counselors provide mentorship and support to at-risk children and adolescents. You'll offer homework help, supervise recreational activities, facilitate social events, and provide emotional support during difficult times. Your psychology training helps you recognize warning signs, build trust with young people, and connect them with appropriate resources.
Median annual salary: $61,710
11. Peer Support Specialist
Peer support specialists use their own lived experience with mental health challenges or recovery to help others navigate similar situations. With an associate degree in psychology, you'll provide non-clinical support, share coping strategies, help with goal-setting, and connect individuals with community resources. This role is particularly valuable in mental health agencies and recovery programs.
Median annual salary: $40,000-$45,000 (varies by state and setting)
12. Mental Health Aide
Mental health aides work under the supervision of psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals in hospitals and residential treatment facilities. You'll help patients with daily living activities, monitor their condition, participate in therapeutic activities, and maintain patient records. Your psychology education provides a foundation for understanding patient needs and behaviors.
Median annual salary: $36,700
Entry-level careers with an associate degree in psychology provide foundational experience in human services, case management, and behavioral health support roles.
Best Jobs with a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology
A bachelor's degree in psychology opens significantly more career opportunities across diverse fields. While only about 25% of psychology undergraduates work directly in psychology or closely related fields, the skills you develop—critical thinking, research methodology, interpersonal communication, and data analysis—transfer beautifully to careers in human resources, education, business, marketing, and law enforcement.
Note on "psychology-adjacent" careers: Several high-paying positions listed below (such as HR manager, marketing manager, and operations manager) are not strictly "psychologist" roles but are fields where psychology knowledge provides significant advantages. These positions typically require additional business training, management experience, or specialized credentials beyond the psychology degree alone. However, psychology graduates often excel in these roles due to their understanding of human behavior and motivation.
These ten careers represent some of the most popular and lucrative options for bachelor's degree holders:
1. Case Manager
Case managers coordinate care and services for clients navigating healthcare, mental health, or social service systems. You'll conduct comprehensive assessments, develop treatment plans, coordinate between multiple providers, file insurance claims, schedule appointments, and monitor client progress. Your psychology background helps you understand client needs and advocate effectively.
Median annual salary: $78,590
2. Rehabilitation Specialist
Rehabilitation specialists (or counselors) help people with physical, mental, developmental, or emotional disabilities achieve independent living. You'll assess client capabilities, develop personalized rehabilitation plans, coordinate services between healthcare providers, and provide counseling support. Many rehabilitation specialists pursue master's degrees to become licensed rehabilitation therapists.
Median annual salary: $42,520
3. Psychiatric Technician
Psychiatric technicians provide therapeutic care to patients with mental health conditions under a psychiatrist's supervision. You'll administer medications, lead therapeutic group activities, assist with daily living tasks, monitor patient behavior, document treatment responses, and ensure patient safety in hospital or residential settings.
Median annual salary: $41,810
4. Human Resources Manager
HR managers need strong interpersonal skills, empathy, and behavioral insight—all strengths of psychology graduates. You'll oversee recruitment and hiring, manage employee benefits and compensation, ensure regulatory compliance, mediate workplace conflicts, and shape company culture. Important note: While a psychology degree provides excellent preparation, most HR manager positions also require several years of HR experience, knowledge of employment law, and often professional HR certification (such as SHRM-CP or PHR). This role represents career progression rather than an entry-level position.
Median annual salary: $136,350
5. Business Administrator/Operations Manager
Operations managers make critical decisions affecting both profitability and employee well-being. Your psychology education helps you understand motivation, team dynamics, and organizational behavior. You'll oversee daily operations, manage budgets, lead teams, implement process improvements, and ensure business objectives align with employee needs. Important note: Operations manager roles typically require business administration knowledge, financial literacy, and several years of progressive management experience. Many psychology graduates pursue an MBA or business management coursework to complement their psychology background for this career path.
Median annual salary: $105,250
6. School Counselor
School counselors support students' academic, social, and emotional development. You'll provide individual and group counseling, help students develop study skills, coordinate with teachers and parents, assist with college planning, and offer crisis intervention during traumatic events. Requirements vary by state, with some requiring a master's degree.
Median annual salary: $61,710
7. Marketing or Advertising Manager
Marketing leverages psychology principles to influence consumer behavior and purchasing decisions. You'll conduct market research, develop advertising campaigns, analyze customer data, manage brand messaging, and determine product positioning. Understanding human motivation and decision-making gives psychology graduates a competitive advantage. Important note: Marketing manager positions typically require a combination of psychology knowledge with business/marketing education, several years of marketing experience, and demonstrated success in campaign management or market analysis. Many professionals supplement their psychology degree with an MBA or marketing certifications.
Median annual salary: $156,580
8. Forensic Science Technician
Forensic technicians with psychology backgrounds often specialize in criminal profiling and behavioral analysis. You can work in crime scene investigation or laboratory analysis, examining evidence to understand criminal motivation and behavior patterns. Many supplement their psychology degree with coursework in natural sciences or forensic science.
Median annual salary: $64,940
9. Law Enforcement Officer
Police officers with psychology backgrounds bring valuable skills in de-escalation, crisis intervention, and mental health recognition. Your training helps you communicate effectively with diverse populations, recognize signs of mental illness, and respond appropriately to emotionally charged situations. Many departments actively recruit psychology graduates for community policing roles.
Median annual salary: $69,160
10. Career Counselor
Career counselors help people make informed career decisions through assessment, exploration, and planning. You'll administer career assessments, provide guidance on educational pathways, assist with resume writing and interview preparation, facilitate job search strategies, and help clients navigate career transitions at various life stages.
Median annual salary: $61,710
11. Market Research Analyst
Market research analysts use psychological principles to understand consumer behavior and preferences. You'll design surveys, conduct focus groups, analyze data on consumer trends, and help companies understand what motivates purchasing decisions. Your psychology background gives you unique insight into human motivation and decision-making processes that drive market behavior.
Median annual salary: $68,230
12. Probation Officer
Probation officers work with individuals convicted of crimes, helping them successfully complete probation requirements and reintegrate into society. Your psychology degree helps you assess risk factors, understand behavioral patterns, develop rehabilitation plans, and provide support while ensuring public safety. You'll conduct interviews, monitor compliance, and make recommendations to courts.
Median annual salary: $60,250
13. Training and Development Specialist
Training and development specialists design and implement employee training programs using principles of adult learning. You'll assess organizational training needs, create instructional materials, deliver workshops, evaluate program effectiveness, and help employees develop new skills. Your understanding of motivation, learning styles, and behavior change makes you valuable in corporate settings.
Median annual salary: $64,340
Master's degree positions in psychology typically require two years of graduate study. However, accelerated master's programs in psychology let you complete your degree in 12-18 months and enter the workforce sooner.
Ready to advance your psychology education?
Explore accredited bachelor's degree programs in psychology to begin your career journey.
Bachelor's degree holders in psychology can explore life coaching as a career option that leverages their understanding of human behavior without requiring advanced degrees or clinical licensure.
Those with a background in psychology can pursue helping professions such as victim advocacy, which typically require a bachelor's degree in psychology, social work, or criminal justice and offer opportunities to support crime survivors through legal processes.
Best Jobs with a Master's Degree in Psychology
A master's degree dramatically expands your career options in psychology and your earning potential. You can work in clinical settings, research, business, education, law enforcement, and public health. Many states allow master's-level professionals to practice as licensed therapists or counselors in specialized areas like mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, or clinical social work.
Mental health counselors typically need a master's degree, which can be costly. Students pursuing this career path should explore mental health counseling scholarships to help finance their graduate education.
While you'll typically need a doctorate for independent clinical psychology practice, master's programs with designated specialties prepare you for licensed professional roles. Here are the most rewarding careers for master's degree holders:
1. Licensed Mental Health Counselor
Mental health counselors provide therapy to individuals, couples, families, and groups dealing with mental illness, addiction, trauma, and life stressors. After completing your master's degree and required supervised hours, you can become licensed to practice independently. You'll conduct assessments, develop treatment plans, provide evidence-based therapy, and monitor client progress.
Median annual salary: $59,190
2. Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT)
Marriage and family therapists specialize in relationship dynamics and family systems. You'll help couples strengthen their relationships, families navigate conflict, and individuals understand how family patterns affect their lives. State licensure requires a master's degree in marriage and family therapy plus supervised clinical experience. Learn more about becoming a marriage and family therapist.
Median annual salary: $63,780
3. Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)
Licensed clinical social workers provide mental health therapy while also connecting clients with community resources and social services. A Master of Social Work (MSW) with clinical training allows you to diagnose mental health conditions, provide psychotherapy, develop treatment plans, and advocate for client needs in healthcare and community settings. Explore starting a career as a social worker to understand this path.
Median annual salary: $61,630
4. Behavioral Analyst (BCBA)
Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) use applied behavior analysis to treat autism spectrum disorders and other developmental or behavioral conditions. You'll conduct functional assessments, design intervention programs, train caregivers and teachers, collect data on behavior changes, and adjust treatment approaches based on outcomes. Certification requires a master's degree in ABA or psychology with an ABA emphasis.
Psychology graduates interested in applied research and evidence-based interventions can pursue specialized training as behavioral psychologists who study learning, conditioning, and how environmental factors systematically influence human and animal behavior across diverse settings.
Median annual salary: $64,420
5. School Psychologist
School psychologists support students' learning and mental health within educational settings. You'll conduct psychological assessments, develop intervention plans, provide counseling, consult with teachers and parents, and participate in special education planning. Most states require an Education Specialist (EdS) degree or a master's degree plus additional training.
Median annual salary: $84,940
6. Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Psychiatric nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) diagnose mental health conditions and prescribe medications in addition to providing therapy. This advanced practice role requires a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) with psychiatric specialization. You'll conduct comprehensive psychiatric evaluations, manage medication regimens, provide psychotherapy, and coordinate care with other providers.
Mean annual salary: $88,080
7. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
I/O psychologists apply psychological principles to workplace challenges. While doctorates offer more opportunities and higher salaries, master's-level I/O psychologists work in talent acquisition, training development, employee assessment, organizational consulting, and leadership coaching. You'll improve workplace productivity, enhance employee well-being, and solve organizational problems. Note: The median salary listed below represents I/O psychologists at all levels, with master's-level professionals typically earning in the $60,000-$90,000 range and doctoral-level psychologists with experience earning significantly more.
Median annual salary (all levels): $139,280
8. Social Services Director
Social services directors oversee programs and staff at nonprofit organizations, government agencies, or healthcare facilities. You'll manage budgets, supervise staff, develop program policies, coordinate with community partners, implement fundraising initiatives, and ensure regulatory compliance. A Master of Social Work (MSW) or psychology degree with management experience prepares you for this leadership role.
Median annual salary: $78,590
9. Forensic Psychologist
Forensic psychologists, otherwise known as criminal psychologists, work at the intersection of psychology and law. You might evaluate defendants' competency to stand trial, conduct child custody assessments, provide expert testimony, develop criminal profiles, or consult with attorneys. While many forensic psychologists hold doctorates, master's-level professionals find opportunities in court systems, correctional facilities, and law enforcement agencies.
Median annual salary: $105,780
10. College/University Psychology Professor
Master's degree holders can teach introductory psychology courses at community colleges and some universities. You'll develop curriculum, deliver lectures, grade assignments, mentor students, and may conduct research. This role offers academic freedom and the opportunity to inspire the next generation of psychologists, though tenure-track positions typically require a doctorate.
Median annual salary: $82,900
11. Art Therapist
Art therapists use creative expression as a therapeutic tool to help clients process emotions, trauma, and mental health challenges. You'll need a master's degree in art therapy or counseling with an art therapy emphasis. You'll work with diverse populations, including children, veterans, and individuals with developmental disabilities, using drawing, painting, and other art forms as pathways to healing and self-discovery.
Median annual salary: $50,000-$65,000 (varies by setting and credentials)
12. Organizational Development Consultant
OD consultants help organizations improve effectiveness through planned change initiatives. You'll assess organizational culture, design team-building interventions, facilitate leadership development, manage change processes, and improve workplace dynamics. Your psychology master's degree, combined with business knowledge, makes you valuable to corporations undergoing transitions or seeking to enhance performance.
Median annual salary: $70,000-$95,000 (varies by experience and industry)
13. Addiction Counselor
Addiction counselors specialize in helping individuals and families affected by substance abuse and behavioral addictions. With a master's degree and appropriate certification, you'll conduct assessments, develop treatment plans, facilitate group therapy, provide family counseling, and support clients through recovery. This rewarding career addresses one of society's most pressing public health challenges.
Median annual salary: $59,190
Additional Master's-Level Psychology Careers
The versatility of a master's in psychology extends to many other rewarding careers across clinical, organizational, educational, and specialized settings:
| Career Path | Description | Typical Setting |
|---|---|---|
| Substance Abuse Counselor | Help individuals recover from addiction through therapy, support groups, and treatment planning | Rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and community clinics |
| Victim's Advocate | Support crime victims through legal processes, connect with resources, and provide emotional support | Courts, police departments, nonprofit organizations |
| Sports Psychologist | Work with athletes to enhance mental performance, overcome psychological barriers, and manage competition stress | Sports teams, athletic departments, and private practice |
| Executive Coach | Guide business leaders in developing leadership skills, emotional intelligence, and achieving professional goals | Corporate settings, consulting firms, private practice |
| Instructional Designer | Apply learning psychology principles to create educational programs, e-learning courses, and training materials | Corporations, educational institutions, tech companies |
| Geriatric Care Specialist | Address mental health issues, cognitive decline, and quality of life concerns for older adults | Nursing homes, assisted living, and geriatric clinics |
| Correctional Counselor | Provide therapy, rehabilitation support, and reentry planning for incarcerated individuals | Prisons, jails, probation departments |
| Crisis Intervention Specialist | Respond to mental health emergencies, provide immediate support, and connect individuals with ongoing care | Hospitals, crisis centers, mobile response teams |
| Employee Assistance Program (EAP) Coordinator | Manage workplace mental health services, provide counseling, and support employees with personal challenges | Corporate HR departments, EAP providers |
| Program Evaluator | Assess the effectiveness of social service and mental health programs through research and data analysis | Government agencies, nonprofits, research institutions |
| Community Mental Health Counselor | Provide accessible mental health services to underserved populations in community settings | Community health centers, outreach programs |
| Military/Veterans Counselor | Support service members and veterans with PTSD, transition challenges, and combat-related trauma | VA hospitals, military bases, veteran centers |
Corporate psychology roles in Fortune 500 companies offer competitive salaries and growth opportunities, as major corporations increasingly rely on psychology for talent acquisition, leadership development, and organizational effectiveness.
For those interested in serving their country while building mental health skills, the Army Mental Health Specialist (MOS 68X) offers training, benefits, and a pathway to civilian behavioral health careers earning up to $104,000.
Note: Licensure requirements vary by state and specialty. Always verify your state's specific requirements before pursuing any clinical counseling path.
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Discover accredited master's programs in psychology, counseling, and social work to reach your professional goals.
Best Jobs with a Doctoral Degree in Psychology
A doctorate in psychology—whether PhD or PsyD—represents the highest level of training in the field and opens doors to the most advanced clinical, research, and academic positions. Most states require a doctoral degree for licensure as an independent clinical psychologist. Doctoral training typically includes 4-7 years of graduate coursework and research beyond the bachelor's degree, plus an additional 1-2 years of supervised postdoctoral clinical practice before full licensure. The total time from high school to licensure is typically 10-14 years.
The investment in doctoral education pays dividends through expanded career opportunities and higher earning potential. According to the American Psychological Association, professionals with doctorates earn approximately $30,000 more annually than those with master's degrees in comparable roles.
Here are the top careers for doctoral-level psychologists:
1. Clinical Psychologist
Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental illnesses, emotional disorders, and behavioral problems through psychological assessment and evidence-based psychotherapy. With doctoral training and state licensure, you can practice independently, open a private practice, or work in hospitals, clinics, schools, or research institutions. You might specialize in specific populations (children, veterans, geriatrics) or treatment approaches (CBT, psychodynamic, integrative). Learn more about how to become a clinical psychologist.
Median annual salary: $96,100
2. Counseling Psychologist
Counseling psychologists focus on helping people navigate life challenges, relationship issues, and emotional difficulties. While similar to clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists typically work with clients experiencing less severe mental health concerns. You'll provide individual and group therapy, career counseling, couples therapy, and wellness coaching in private practice, university counseling centers, or community mental health agencies. Explore starting a career in counseling to learn more about this pathway.
Median annual salary: $96,100
3. Psychiatrist
Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in mental health. Unlike psychologists, psychiatrists complete medical school and residency training, allowing them to prescribe medications, order medical tests, and provide medical interventions alongside psychotherapy. You'll treat severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression through medication management and therapy.
Median annual salary: $226,880
4. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
I/O psychologists with doctorates conduct research on workplace behavior and consult with organizations on human resource issues. You'll study employee selection, performance evaluation, organizational culture, leadership development, and work-life balance. Many I/O psychologists work independently as consultants or for large corporations, developing talent management strategies. Discover more about becoming an industrial/organizational psychologist.
Median annual salary: $139,280
5. Neuropsychologist
Neuropsychologists study the relationship between brain function and behavior. You'll assess cognitive abilities, diagnose neurological conditions, and develop treatment plans for patients with brain injuries, strokes, dementia, or developmental disorders. This specialization requires a psychology doctorate with extensive neuropsychology training plus postdoctoral fellowship experience.
Median annual salary: $105,780
6. Forensic Psychologist
Doctoral-level forensic psychologists serve as expert witnesses in legal proceedings, conduct competency evaluations, assess criminal responsibility, perform child custody evaluations, and develop offender treatment programs. You might work for court systems, correctional facilities, law enforcement agencies, or maintain a private forensic practice. Read more about starting a career in forensic psychology.
Median annual salary: $105,780
7. School Psychologist
Doctoral-level school psychologists take on leadership roles in educational settings, conducting complex psychological evaluations, developing district-wide intervention programs, training staff, and providing clinical services to students with severe emotional or behavioral challenges. You'll also engage in research to improve educational outcomes. Learn more about how to become a school psychologist.
Median annual salary: $84,940
8. Research Psychologist
Research psychologists advance the science of psychology through systematic study of human behavior, cognition, emotion, and development. You'll design experiments, secure research funding, publish findings in peer-reviewed journals, and often teach at universities. Research specializations include social psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and many others.
Median annual salary: $118,630 (in scientific research and development services)
9. Engineering Psychologist (Human Factors Specialist)
Engineering psychologists apply psychological principles to design technology, products, and systems that match human capabilities and limitations. You'll conduct usability research, design user interfaces, improve workplace ergonomics, and ensure accessibility for people with disabilities. This field combines psychology with engineering and computer science.
Median annual salary: $105,780
10. University Professor/Department Chair
Doctoral-level psychology professors teach advanced courses, mentor graduate students, conduct research, publish scholarly work, and may lead academic departments. Tenure-track positions offer job security, academic freedom, and the opportunity to shape the future of psychology through teaching and research. Department chairs also handle administrative responsibilities and strategic planning.
Median annual salary: $82,900
11. Consulting Psychologist
Consulting psychologists work independently or for consulting firms, providing psychological expertise to organizations, legal teams, government agencies, and businesses. You might conduct workplace assessments, provide expert testimony in legal cases, design organizational interventions, or advise on policy decisions. This versatile career offers autonomy and the ability to work across multiple industries and specialized projects.
Median annual salary: $90,000-$150,000+ (varies significantly by specialization and clientele)
12. Clinical Supervisor/Training Director
Clinical supervisors oversee and train early-career psychologists, master's-level clinicians, and doctoral interns. You'll provide clinical supervision, ensure quality of care, manage training programs, teach clinical skills, and help develop the next generation of mental health professionals. This leadership role combines clinical expertise with educational responsibilities in hospitals, clinics, training programs, or academic settings.
Median annual salary: $95,000-$120,000 (varies by setting and region)
Additional Doctoral-Level Specializations
Beyond the core doctoral psychology positions, many specialized careers offer unique opportunities to apply advanced psychological training in focused areas:
| Specialization | Focus Area | Typical Settings |
|---|---|---|
| Health Psychologist | Address psychological factors in physical health, chronic illness management, pain psychology, and behavioral medicine | Hospitals, medical centers, rehabilitation facilities, private practice |
| Cognitive Psychologist | Study mental processes, including memory, perception, attention, language, problem-solving, and decision-making | Universities, research institutes, tech companies, and cognitive labs |
| Developmental Psychologist | Research physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development across the human lifespan from infancy to old age | Academic institutions, research centers, policy organizations |
| Sports Psychologist | Enhance athletic performance through mental training, visualization, stress management, and confidence building | Sports teams, athletic departments, Olympic training centers, and private practice |
| Environmental Psychologist | Study interactions between people and their physical environments, including workspace design and urban planning | Architecture firms, urban planning departments, and research institutions |
| Military Psychologist | Support service members' mental health, operational readiness, PTSD treatment, and combat stress management | Military bases, VA hospitals, defense research facilities |
| Rehabilitation Psychologist | Help people adapt to disability, chronic health conditions, traumatic injuries, and maximize independence | Rehabilitation hospitals, medical centers, and private practice |
| Geropsychologist | Specializes in mental health issues affecting older adults, including dementia, depression, and end-of-life concerns | Nursing homes, geriatric clinics, hospitals, and private practice |
| Child Psychologist | Assess and treat mental health issues in children and adolescents, including developmental disorders and trauma | Pediatric clinics, schools, hospitals, and private practice |
| Community Psychologist | Address systemic issues affecting community mental health, prevention programs, and social justice initiatives | Community organizations, nonprofits, public health departments |
Note: All doctoral-level specializations require a PhD or PsyD, typically 1-2 years of postdoctoral training, and state licensure for independent clinical practice.
For those interested in integrating spirituality with clinical work, spiritual psychology offers a unique career path that honors both psychological science and clients' spiritual lives.
Doctoral-level psychology graduates can pursue consumer psychology careers in market research firms, advertising agencies, and corporate strategy departments, where they apply behavioral science to business challenges and consumer decision-making.
In addition, those Doctoral-level psychology graduates interested in research and multicultural populations can pursue cultural psychology careers in universities, research institutes, and international organizations addressing global mental health disparities and cross-cultural communication.
Psychology offers diverse career paths across clinical practice, research, business, sports, military service, and specialized healthcare settings. Each specialization requires different education levels, training, and licensure. Explore these detailed career guides to find the psychology path that matches your interests, skills, and professional goals.
Specialized Psychology Career Paths
- How to Become a Clinical Psychologist – The most common psychology career path. PhD or PsyD required, 3,000+ supervised hours, state licensure. Median salary $96,100, diverse settings from private practice to hospitals.
- How to Become a Forensic Psychologist: Salary, Requirements & Career Guide – Work at the intersection of psychology and criminal justice. Doctoral degree required, median salary $117,580. Conduct evaluations, provide expert testimony, and work with law enforcement.
- How to Become an Industrial-Organizational Psychologist – Apply psychology to workplace issues. Master's or doctoral degree, median salary $147,420 (highest among psychology specializations). Improve employee performance, organizational culture, and business outcomes.
- How to Become a Sports Psychologist – Help athletes optimize performance and mental health. Doctoral degree typically required, median salary $79,540-$96,100. Work with professional teams, college athletics, or individual athletes.
- How to Become a Neuropsychologist: Complete Guide to Degrees & Careers – Specialize in brain-behavior relationships. Doctoral degree plus 2-year postdoctoral fellowship required, median salary $103,000+. Assess cognitive function and neurological conditions.
- How to Become a Health Psychologist: Degrees, Salary & Career Paths – Focus on how psychological factors affect physical health. Doctoral degree required, salary range $90,000-$136,000. Work in hospitals, research institutions, and healthcare systems.
- How to Become a Social Psychologist: Career Guide – Study how social situations influence behavior and attitudes. Doctoral degree typically required, median salary $111,340. Careers in research, consulting, and academia.
- How to Become a Military Psychologist: Complete Guide – Serve military personnel and their families. Doctoral degree required, salary $100,000+ with military benefits. Work with active duty service members, veterans, and military families addressing deployment stress, PTSD, and resilience.
Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology Careers
What's the highest-paying job with a psychology degree?
Among medical professions, psychiatrists earn the highest salaries at a median of $226,880 annually, though this requires medical school (MD or DO) plus psychiatry residency in addition to psychology education. For non-medical psychology careers, industrial/organizational psychologists with doctoral degrees earn a median salary of $139,280. Among bachelor's-level positions, the highest salaries are in psychology-adjacent business roles like marketing managers ($156,580 median) and human resources managers ($136,350 median), though these positions typically require business training and management experience beyond the psychology degree. Direct psychology roles like clinical psychologists average $96,100 with a doctoral degree and licensure.
Can you get a good job with just a bachelor's in psychology?
Yes, bachelor's degree holders can pursue rewarding careers, though it's important to have realistic expectations. Direct psychology roles (like case manager or research assistant) typically start at $40,000-$60,000 annually. The highest-paying bachelor's-level opportunities are often in psychology-adjacent fields where a psychology degree is beneficial but not the primary credential. For example, human resources managers (median salary $136,350) and marketing managers (median salary $156,580) often have psychology backgrounds, but these positions typically also require business knowledge, management experience, and several years of career progression. You cannot practice as a licensed psychologist or provide independent therapy with only a bachelor's degree.
Do you need a PhD to be a psychologist?
To become a licensed clinical psychologist practicing independently, you typically need a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) plus supervised experience and state licensure. However, you can work in many psychology-related roles with a master's degree, including licensed mental health counselor, school psychologist, or marriage and family therapist, depending on your state's requirements. Check the psychologist licensure requirements by state for specific information about your location.
What psychology jobs are in the highest demand?
According to Bureau of Labor Statistics projections for 2022-2032, mental health counselors and substance abuse counselors are expected to grow 22% (much faster than average), school psychologists 6%, and psychologists overall 6%. The COVID-19 pandemic increased awareness of mental health needs, driving demand across all psychology specializations, particularly in telehealth and crisis intervention. However, note that high job growth doesn't always correlate with the highest salaries—some specialized, high-paying positions may have slower growth rates due to limited openings.
How long does it take to become a psychologist?
Timeline depends on your career goals and the state where you plan to practice. An associate degree takes 2 years, a bachelor's degree takes 4 years, and a master's degree requires 2-3 additional years (6-7 years total from high school). Becoming a fully licensed clinical psychologist with a doctoral degree requires 4-7 years of graduate school after your bachelor's degree (8-11 years total from high school), plus an additional 1-2 years of supervised postdoctoral experience (1,500-6,000 hours depending on state requirements) before you can apply for full independent licensure. The complete timeline from high school to independent practice is typically 10-14 years.
Can I work as a therapist with a master's in psychology?
Yes, but state requirements vary. Many states allow master's-level professionals to become licensed as mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, or clinical social workers after completing required supervised hours and passing state exams. Check your state's licensing board for specific requirements and approved degree programs. Learn more about becoming a therapist and the pathways available.
What's the difference between a PhD and PsyD in psychology?
A PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) emphasizes research and scholarly work alongside clinical training, preparing you for careers in academia and research. A PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) focuses primarily on clinical practice and applied psychology. Both degrees qualify you for psychology licensure, but PhD programs typically offer more funding while PsyD programs may have shorter completion times.
Key Takeaways
- Independent clinical practice requires doctoral training. While psychology degrees at all levels offer career opportunities, practicing as a licensed clinical psychologist requires a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD), 1-2 years of supervised postdoctoral experience, passing licensing exams, and state licensure. Plan for 10-14 years total from high school to independent practice.
- Master's degrees open clinical pathways with less time investment — Licensed mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and clinical social workers can practice with master's degrees plus supervised hours and state licensure (typically 6-8 years total from high school).
- Psychology skills transfer to high-paying non-clinical careers — Bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology provide excellent preparation for careers in HR, business, marketing, and management, though these roles often require additional business training or experience for advancement to senior positions.
- Salary ranges vary significantly by specialization, location, and experience. Entry-level psychology positions start around $40,000-$50,000, while experienced specialists in high-demand areas or private practice can earn $100,000-$200,000+. Geography, years of experience, and practice setting significantly impact earning potential.
- Always verify your state's licensure requirements — Requirements for supervised hours, examinations, and continuing education vary significantly by state and by specialty. Check with your state's psychology licensing board before selecting an educational program.
Ready to Start Your Psychology Career?
Whether you're exploring your first psychology degree or considering advanced training, the right education can set you up for a lifetime of meaningful work. The field continues to grow as society recognizes the importance of mental health, making this an excellent time to enter the profession.
Take the next step today by exploring accredited psychology programs at every level—from associate degrees to doctoral programs—and find the educational path that matches your career goals and lifestyle.
Salary data sourced from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, May 2024 edition, accessed October 2025. Figures for Clinical and Counseling Psychologists, Industrial-Organizational Psychologists, School Psychologists, Psychologists-All Other; Psychiatric Technicians and Aides; Psychiatrists; Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health and Mental Health Counselors; Marriage & Family Therapists; and Social Workers are based on national averages and state-level data where applicable. Conditions in your area may vary. Job growth projections are from the BLS Employment Projections program for 2022-2032. Actual salaries depend on location, experience, specialization, practice setting, and credentials.
